Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of vision loss among older adults, affecting the central part of the retina, known as the macula. This condition can significantly impair the ability to read, drive, and recognize faces.
One of the most effective treatment options for wet AMD is anti-VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) injections, which help slow disease progression and preserve vision. For those seeking AMD disease treatment, understanding the role and effectiveness of anti-VEGF injections is crucial.
Understanding AMD and Its Progression
AMD is classified into two main types: dry and wet. Dry AMD is the more common form, characterized by the gradual breakdown of macular cells and the accumulation of drusen (yellow deposits). Wet AMD, though less common, is more aggressive and results from abnormal blood vessel growth under the retina, leading to rapid vision loss.
The progression of wet AMD is driven by VEGF, a protein that stimulates blood vessel formation. Excess VEGF causes fragile blood vessels to grow in the retina, leading to leakage and swelling. Anti-VEGF injections work by blocking this protein, thereby reducing fluid buildup and preventing further damage.
How Anti-VEGF Injections Work
Anti-VEGF injections target VEGF molecules in the eye, inhibiting their activity and stopping the growth of abnormal blood vessels. These injections reduce leakage, swelling, and vision distortion associated with wet AMD. The treatment does not cure AMD but effectively slows its progression, preserving central vision for a longer time.
There are several FDA-approved anti-VEGF medications, including:
- Ranibizumab (Lucentis) – Specifically developed for eye conditions, Lucentis is administered once a month or less frequently after an initial loading phase.
- Aflibercept (Eylea) – A longer-acting injection, typically requiring fewer doses compared to Lucentis.
- Bevacizumab (Avastin) – Originally designed for cancer treatment but widely used off-label for AMD. It is a more affordable alternative to Lucentis and Eylea.
- Vabysmo (Faricimab-svoa) – A next-generation anti-VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) therapy designed to treat neovascular (wet) age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and diabetic macular edema (DME).
Effectiveness of Anti-VEGF Therapy
Slowing Disease Progression
Clinical studies have demonstrated that anti-VEGF injections significantly slow vision loss in patients with wet AMD. Regular treatments can prevent further deterioration, allowing many patients to maintain functional vision. Some individuals even experience partial vision improvement, although results vary based on the severity of the disease at the time of diagnosis.
Improving Visual Acuity
Many patients who receive anti-VEGF injections experience stabilization or improvement in their vision. Studies have shown that around 30–40% of individuals gain at least three lines of vision on an eye chart, which can make a meaningful difference in daily activities such as reading and recognizing faces.
Reducing the Risk of Severe Vision Loss
Before the introduction of anti-VEGF therapy, wet AMD often led to severe vision impairment within months. With regular injections, the risk of significant vision loss is drastically reduced. This makes anti-VEGF treatment one of the most effective advancements in AMD disease treatment.
Treatment Frequency and Long-Term Management
Initial Treatment Phase
Anti-VEGF therapy typically begins with a loading phase, where patients receive monthly injections for the first three to six months. This helps control fluid buildup and stabilize vision.
Maintenance and Individualized Scheduling
After the initial phase, the frequency of injections is adjusted based on the patient’s response. Some individuals may require monthly treatments, while others transition to a “treat-and-extend” approach, where intervals between injections gradually increase. Long-term monitoring is essential to prevent disease recurrence.
Potential Side Effects
While anti-VEGF injections are generally safe, some patients may experience minor side effects such as eye redness, irritation, or floaters. In rare cases, more serious complications like infection, increased eye pressure, or retinal detachment can occur. Regular follow-ups with an ophthalmologist help ensure that side effects are managed promptly.
Who Can Benefit Most from Anti-VEGF Therapy?
Patients diagnosed with wet AMD in its early stages tend to achieve the best results from anti-VEGF injections. Those who seek treatment promptly after noticing vision changes, such as distortion or blurriness, have a higher likelihood of preserving their sight. Even individuals with more advanced AMD can benefit from treatment, as it helps slow further vision decline.
Future Developments in AMD Treatment
Researchers continue to explore new ways to enhance AMD treatment. Longer-lasting anti-VEGF drugs, gene therapy, and combination therapies are currently being studied to improve outcomes and reduce the need for frequent injections. These advancements could offer even more effective and convenient solutions for managing AMD.
Conclusion
Anti-VEGF injections have revolutionized the treatment of wet AMD, offering patients a powerful tool to slow vision loss and, in some cases, improve visual acuity. While not a cure, this form of AMD disease treatment helps preserve independence and quality of life for many individuals. For those experiencing symptoms of wet AMD, early diagnosis and prompt treatment are key to achieving the best possible outcomes. Consulting an eye specialist can help determine the most suitable treatment plan based on individual needs.
